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1. Internet Download Manager Registration Patch

by Scott Cate

Perhaps the most visible feature of the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions is the ability to do a partial or incremental page updates without doing a full postback to the server, with no code changes and minimal markup changes. The advantages are extensive – the state of your multimedia (such as Adobe Flash or Windows Media) is unchanged, bandwidth costs are reduced, and the client does not experience the flicker usually associated with a postback.

Introduction

Microsoft's ASP.NET technology brings an object-oriented and event-driven programming model and unites it with the benefits of compiled code. However, its server-side processing model has several drawbacks inherent in the technology:

• Page updates require a round-trip to the server, which requires a page refresh.
• Round-trips do not persist any effects generated by Javascript or other client-side technology (such as Adobe Flash)
• During postback, browsers other than Microsoft Internet Explorer do not support automatically restoring the scroll position. And even in Internet Explorer, there is still a flicker as the page is refreshed.
• Postbacks may involve a high amount of bandwidth as the __VIEWSTATE form field may grow, especially when dealing with controls such as the GridView control or repeaters.
• There is no unified model for accessing Web Services through JavaScript or other client-side technology.

Enter Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX extensions. AJAX, which stands for A synchronous J avaScript A nd X ML, is an integrated framework for providing incremental page updates via cross-platform JavaScript, composed of server-side code comprising the Microsoft AJAX Framework, and a script component called the Microsoft AJAX Script Library. The ASP.NET AJAX extensions also provide cross-platform support for accessing ASP.NET Web Services via JavaScript.

This whitepaper examines the partial page updates functionality of the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions, which includes the ScriptManager component, the UpdatePanel control, and the UpdateProgress control, and considers scenarios in which they should or should not be utilized.

This whitepaper is based on the Beta 2 release of the Visual Studio 2008 and the .NET Framework 3.5, which integrates the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions into the Base Class Library (where it was previously an add-on component available for ASP.NET 2.0). This whitepaper also assumes that you are using Visual Studio 2008 and not Visual Web Developer Express Edition; some project templates that are referenced may not be available to Visual Web Developer Express users.

Partial Page Updates

Perhaps the most visible feature of the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions is the ability to do a partial or incremental page updates without doing a full postback to the server, with no code changes and minimal markup changes. The advantages are extensive - the state of your multimedia (such as Adobe Flash or Windows Media) is unchanged, bandwidth costs are reduced, and the client does not experience the flicker usually associated with a postback.

The ability to integrate partial page rendering is integrated into ASP.NET with minimal changes into your project.

Walkthrough: Integrating Partial Rendering into an Existing Project

1. In Microsoft Visual Studio 2008, create a new ASP.NET Web Site project by going to File-> New-> Web Site and selecting ASP.NET Web Site from the dialog. You can name it whatever you like, and you may install it either to the file system or into Internet Information Services (IIS).
2. You will be presented with the blank default page with basic ASP.NET markup (a server-side form and an @Page directive). Drop a Label called Label1 and a Button called Button1 onto the page within the form element. You may set their text properties to whatever you like.
3. In Design view, double-click Button1 to generate a code-behind event handler. Within this event handler, set Label1.Text to You clicked the button! .

Listing 1: Markup for default.aspx before partial rendering is enabled

Listing 2: Codebehind (trimmed) in default.aspx.cs

1. Press F5 to launch your web site. Visual Studio will prompt you to add a web.config file to enable debugging; do so. When you click the button, notice that the page refreshes to change the text in the label, and there is a brief flicker as the page is redrawn.
2. After closing your browser window, return to Visual Studio and to the markup page. Scroll down in the Visual Studio toolbox, and find the tab labeled AJAX Extensions. (If you do not have this tab because you are using an older version of AJAX or Atlas extensions, refer to the walkthrough for registering the AJAX Extensions toolbox items later in this whitepaper, or install the current version with the Windows Installer downloadable from the website).

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1. Known Issue:If you install Visual Studio 2008 onto a computer that already has Visual Studio 2005 installed with the ASP.NET 2.0 AJAX Extensions, Visual Studio 2008 will import the AJAX Extensions toolbox items. You can determine whether this is the case by examining the tooltip of the components; they should say Version 3.5.0.0. If they say Version 2.0.0.0, then you have imported your old toolbox items, and will need to manually import them by using the Choose Toolbox Items dialog in Visual Studio. You will be unable to add Version 2 controls via the designer.

2. Before the <asp:Label> tag begins, create a line of whitespace, and double-click on the UpdatePanel control in the toolbox. Note that a new @Register directive is included at the top of the page, indicating that controls within the System.Web.UI namespace should be imported using the asp: prefix.

3. Drag the closing </asp:UpdatePanel> tag past the end of the Button element, so that the element is well-formed with the Label and Button controls wrapped.

4. After the opening <asp:UpdatePanel> tag, begin opening a new tag. Note that IntelliSense prompts you with two options. In this case, create a <ContentTemplate> tag. Be sure to wrap this tag around your Label and Button so that the markup is well-formed.

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1. Anywhere within the <form> element, include a ScriptManager control by double-clicking on the ScriptManager item in the toolbox.
2. Edit the <asp:ScriptManager> tag so that it includes the attribute EnablePartialRendering= true.

Listing 3: Markup for default.aspx with partial rendering enabled

1. Open your web.config file. Notice that Visual Studio has automatically added a compilation reference to System.Web.Extensions.dll.

2. What's New in Visual Studio 2008: The web.config that comes with the ASP.NET Web Site project templates automatically includes all necessary references to the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions, and includes commented sections of configuration information that can be un-commented to enable additional functionality. Visual Studio 2005 had similar templates when ASP.NET 2.0 AJAX Extensions were installed. However, in Visual Studio 2008, the AJAX Extensions are opt-out by default (that is, they are referenced by default, but can be removed as references).

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1. Press F5 to launch your website. Note how no source code changes were required to support partial rendering - only markup was changed.

When you launch your website, you should see that partial rendering is now enabled, because when you click on the button there will be no flicker, nor will there be any change in the page scroll position (this example does not demonstrate that). If you were to look at the rendered source of the page after clicking the button, it will confirm that in fact a post-back has not occurred - the original label text is still part of the source markup, and the label has changed through JavaScript.

Visual Studio 2008 does not appear to come with a pre-defined template for an ASP.NET AJAX-Enabled web site. However, such a template was available within Visual Studio 2005 if the Visual Studio 2005 and ASP.NET 2.0 AJAX Extensions were installed. Consequently, configuring a web site and starting with the AJAX-Enabled Web Site template will likely be even easier, as the template should include a fully-configured web.config file (supporting all of the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions, including Web Services access and JSON serialization - JavaScript Object Notation) and includes an UpdatePanel and ContentTemplate within the main Web Forms page by default. Enabling partial rendering with this default page is as simple as revisiting Step 10 of this walkthrough and dropping controls onto the page.

The ScriptManager Control

ScriptManager Control Reference

Markup-Enabled Properties:

Code-Only Properties:

Public Code Methods:

Markup Descendants:

The ScriptManager control is the essential core for the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions. It provides access to the script library (including the extensive client-side script type system), supports partial rendering, and provides extensive support for additional ASP.NET services (such as authentication and profiling, but also other Web Services). The ScriptManager control also provides globalization and localization support for the client scripts.

Providing Alternative and Supplemental Scripts

While the Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 AJAX Extensions include the entire script code in both debug and release editions as resources embedded in the referenced assemblies, developers are free to redirect the ScriptManager to customized script files, as well as register additional necessary scripts.

To override the default binding for the typically-included scripts (such as those which support the Sys.WebForms namespace and the custom typing system), you can register for the ResolveScriptReference event of the ScriptManager class. When this method is called, the event handler has the opportunity to change the path to the script file in question; the script manager will then send a different or customized copy of the scripts to the client.

Additionally, script references (represented by the ScriptReference class) can be included programmatically or via markup. To do so, either programmatically modify the ScriptManager.Scripts collection, or include <asp:ScriptReference> tags under the <Scripts> tag, which is a first-level child of the ScriptManager control.

Custom Error Handling for UpdatePanels

Although updates are handled by triggers specified by UpdatePanel controls, the support for error handling and custom error messages is handled by a page's ScriptManager control instance. This is done by exposing an event, AsyncPostBackError, to the page which can then provide custom exception-handling logic.

By consuming the AsyncPostBackError event, you may specify the AsyncPostBackErrorMessage property, which then causes an alert box to be raised upon completion of the callback.

Client-side customization is also possible instead of using the default alert box; for instance, you may want to display a customized <div> element rather than the default browser modal dialog. In this case, you can handle the error in client script:

Listing 5: Client-side script to display custom errors

Quite simply, the above script registers a callback with the client-side AJAX runtime for when the asynchronous request has been completed. It then checks to see whether an error was reported, and if so, processes the details of it, finally indicating to the runtime that the error was handled in custom script.

Globalization and Localization Support

The ScriptManager control provides extensive support for localization of script strings and user interface components; however, that topic is outside of the scope of this whitepaper. For more information, see the whitepaper, Globalization Support in ASP.NET AJAX Extensions.

The UpdatePanel Control

UpdatePanel Control Reference

Internet Download Manager Registration Patch

Markup-Enabled Properties:

Code-Only Properties:

Public Code Methods:

Markup Descendants:

The UpdatePanel control is the control that delimits the server-side content that will take part in the partial rendering functionality of the AJAX Extensions. There is no limit to the number of UpdatePanel controls that can be on a page, and they can be nested. Each UpdatePanel is isolated, so that each can work independently (you can have two UpdatePanels running at the same time, rendering different parts of the page, independent of the page's postback).

The UpdatePanel control primarily deals with control triggers - by default, any control contained within an UpdatePanel's ContentTemplate that creates a postback is registered as a trigger for the UpdatePanel. This means that the UpdatePanel can work with the defaults name, address, and contact information. There are many design considerations to take into account, based on the requirements of a specific project.

(Click to view full-size image)

(Click to view full-size image)

In the original iteration of this application, a control was built that incorporated the entirety of the user registration data, including the postal code, city, and state. The entire control was wrapped within an UpdatePanel and dropped onto a Web Form. When the postal code is entered by the user, the UpdatePanel detects the event (the corresponding TextChanged event in the back-end, either by specifying triggers or by using the ChildrenAsTriggers property set to true). AJAX posts all of the fields within the UpdatePanel, as captured by FireBug (see the diagram on the right).

As the screen capture indicates, values from every control within the UpdatePanel are delivered (in this case, they are all empty), as well as the ViewState field. All told, over 9kb of data is sent, when in fact only five bytes of data were needed to make this particular request. The response is even more bloated: in total, 57kb is sent to the client, simply to update a text field and a drop-down field.

It may also be of interest to see how ASP.NET AJAX updates the presentation. The response portion of the UpdatePanel's update request is shown in the Firebug console display on the left; it is a specially-formulated pipe-delimited string that is broken up by the client script and then reassembled on the page. Specifically, ASP.NET AJAX sets the innerHTML property of the HTML element on the client that represents your UpdatePanel. As the browser re-generates the DOM, there is a slight delay, depending on the amount of information that needs to be processed.

The regeneration of the DOM triggers a number of additional issues:

(Click to view full-size image)

• If the focused HTML element is within the UpdatePanel, it will lose focus. So, for users who pressed the Tab key to exit the postal code text box, their next destination would have been the City text box. However, once the UpdatePanel refreshed the display, the form would no longer have had focus, and pressing Tab would have started highlighting the focus elements (such as links).
• If any type of custom client-side script is in use that accesses DOM elements, references persisted by functions may become defunct after a partial postback.

UpdatePanels are not intended to be catch-all solutions. Rather, they provide a quick solution for certain situations, including prototyping, small control updates, and provide a familiar interface to ASP.NET developers who might be familiar with the .NET object model but less-so with the DOM. There are a number of alternatives that may result in better performance, depending on the application scenario:

• Consider using PageMethods and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) allows the developer to invoke static methods on a page as if a web service call was being invoked. Because the methods are static, no state is necessary; the script caller supplies the parameters, and the result is returned asynchronously.
• Consider using a Web Service and JSON if a single control needs to be used in several places across an application. This again requires very little special work, and works asynchronously.

Incorporating functionality through Web Services or Page Methods has drawbacks as well. First and foremost, ASP.NET developers typically tend to build small components of functionality into user controls (.ascx files). Page methods cannot be hosted in these files; they must be hosted within the actual .aspx page class. Web services, similarly, must be hosted within the .asmx class. Depending on the application, this architecture may violate the Single Responsibility Principle, in that the functionality for a single component is now spread across two or more physical components which may have little or no cohesive ties.

Finally, if an application requires that UpdatePanels are used, the following guidelines should assist with troubleshooting and maintenance.

• Nest UpdatePanels as little as possible, not only within-units, but also across units of code. For example, having an UpdatePanel on a Page that wraps a Control, while that Control also contains an UpdatePanel, which contains another Control that contains an UpdatePanel, is cross-unit nesting. This helps to keep clear which elements should be refreshing, and prevents unexpected refreshes to child UpdatePanels.
• Keep the ChildrenAsTriggers property set to false, and explicitly set triggering events. Utilizing the <Triggers> collection is a much clearer way to handle events, and may prevent unexpected behavior, helping with maintenance tasks and forcing a developer to opt-in for an event.
• Use the smallest possible unit to achieve functionality. As noted in the discussion of the postal code service, wrapping only the bare minimum reduces time to the server, total processing, and the footprint of the client-server exchange, enhancing performance.

The UpdateProgress Control

UpdateProgress Control Reference

Markup-Enabled Properties:

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Markup Descendants:

The UpdateProgress control gives you a measure of feedback to keep your users' interest while doing the necessary work to transport to the server. This can help your users know that you're doing something even though it may not be apparent, especially since most users are used to the page refreshing and seeing the status bar highlight.

As a note, UpdateProgress controls can appear anywhere on a page hierarchy. However, in cases in which a partial postback is initiated from a child UpdatePanel (where an UpdatePanel is nested within another UpdatePanel), postbacks that trigger the child UpdatePanel will cause UpdateProgress templates to be displayed for the child UpdatePanel as well as the parent UpdatePanel. But, if the trigger is a direct child of the parent UpdatePanel, then only the UpdateProgress templates associated with the parent will be displayed.

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Summary

The Microsoft ASP.NET AJAX extensions are sophisticated products designed to assist in making web content more accessible and to provide a richer user experience to your web applications. As part of the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions, the partial page rendering controls, including the ScriptManager, the UpdatePanel, and UpdateProgress controls are some of the most visible components of the toolkit.

The ScriptManager component integrates the provision of client JavaScript for the Extensions, as well as enables the various server- and client-side components to work together with minimal development investment.

The UpdatePanel control is the apparent magic box - markup within the UpdatePanel can have server-side Codebehind and not trigger a page refresh. UpdatePanel controls can be nested, and can be dependent on controls in other UpdatePanels. By default, UpdatePanels handle any postbacks invoked by their descendant controls, although this functionality can be finely tuned, either declaratively or programmatically.

When using the UpdatePanel control, developers should be aware of the performance impact that could potentially arise. Potential alternatives include web services and page methods, though the design of the application should be considered.

The UpdateProgress control allows the user to know that she or he is not being ignored, and that the behind-the-scenes request is going on while the page is otherwise not doing anything to respond to the user input. It also includes the ability to abort partial rendering results.

Together, these tools assist creating a rich and seamless user experience by making server work less apparent to the user and interrupting workflow less.

Bio

Scott Cate has been working with Microsoft Web technologies since 1997 and is the President of myKB.com (www.myKB.com) where he specializes in writing ASP.NET based applications focused on Knowledge Base Software solutions. Scott can be contacted via email at scott.cate@myKB.com or his blog at ScottCate.com

IT service management frameworks and ITSM software are longtime staples of IT operations, yet the longevity of the ITSM discipline has not yet eliminated many challenges with it. IT departments still tend to deploy ITSM software to target specific, localized needs rather than enterprise-wide requirements. IT departments also often have duplication of capabilities in the software they've deployed, and, at the same time, they frequently fail to maximize the value of the software they have.

Here, James Stanger, chief technology evangelist at CompTIA Inc., a nonprofit trade association, shares best practices for deploying ITSM software and offers insights on the challenges CIOs continue to face when developing their ITSM strategies. One important takeaway: A unified ITSM framework -- whether it is ITIL, ISO 20000 or some other approach -- goes a long way in optimizing ITSM software.

Editor's note:The following has been edited for clarity and length.

What are the reasons for the proliferation of ITSM software in any given enterprise?

James Stanger: One is IT folks love to buy software, and that's why there are many ITSM pieces of software and you end up with this hodgepodge of tools. Also, what happens is you end up with a new CIO, and he or she says, 'We're going to use this ITSM software.' Then that person leaves and you end up with a new CIO and [another piece of] ITSM software. Or you have one company merge with another, so you end up with two of the same type of ITSM software.

But what's funny is you have the ITSM software to help you rationalize and categorize software [used on the business side], but rarely is anyone using a [unified] ITSM framework to implement ITSM software.

What should IT departments be doing to reduce the thicket of ITSM software?

Stanger: People chose the software or the framework du jour or the approach of the day. What we need is for someone to say, 'We're going to stick with this framework, and after we adopt an approach, we'll map the software to it.' Too often we think adopting software will solve our lack of framework. You have to choose and adopt the framework first and then the software is a tertiary concern. You have to get everyone on the same page, and then you can get rid of multiple different pieces of software.

So, you have to address the bigger problem of buy-in. You've got to have everyone from the top down understand that this is the framework we're using. If the CEO isn't aware of the CIO's approach, and the CIO isn't able to educate the middle managers on how the framework works, then you have a business disconnect and that drives the use of so many different ITSM software platforms.

It's OK to have multiple ITSM software products, as long as they're all pushing in the same direction. Otherwise you just have chaos. And that's what I see, because CIOs don't resolve that fundamental issue of picking a unifying framework first.

Who owns responsibility for the ITSM software tools?

Stanger: The overall owner is the CIO, but the business owner will be the IT divisions underneath the CIO. The CIO will basically say the individual teams have to use and know those tools very well. For example, the help desk manager reporting up to the CIO will be somebody who has the most visibility into the tool that helps the help desk.

If the IT person who has the most say on a particular software tool says this existing solution isn't doing what we need so let's move to something else, the CIO then has to ask if that new tool will really help the team work more efficiently or has to [ascertain] if the existing software would work just fine, if that person understood the ITSM framework better. I think a lot of CIOs struggle with doing that.

Why is better management of ITSM software important?

Stanger: The first thing that this software will do is take pieces of the framework like configuration management or business information flow and put it in categories inside the software, so now you have a way to see how your business works. Then within those categories, the software has ways to track and plan projects. It's a management tool -- a time management tool, a team management tool, you can even call this software a business process management tool.

Why do IT departments persist in adding ITSM software, other than they love to buy software?

Stanger: Each of these particular pieces of ITSM software has their own DNA. They started in a certain area -- for example, some started in the help desk area or in the world of medical devices -- and they became successful. So, then they moved into management for the whole of IT. But there's still that DNA where they excel in certain areas and are average in others. And IT is good at saying, 'Here's where this software really excels.' That's one way you end up with proliferation: IT wants software that excels in every area.

So, that is the problem hampering ITSM?

Stanger: I'm not sure it's a negative thing. If the company has a framework that they're all trained to use and they're implementing the software to that framework, then it's not a big deal. If you're all unified, you can use multiple platforms with minimal problems. But that 'if' is a big deal.

How many IT organizations are good at optimizing their ITSM software?

Stanger: Most IT departments aren't that great at optimizing what they have. It seems much easier to buy a new piece of software than optimizing what you have.

For example, [many pieces of] software are left to the default setting. It's like IT bought a VCR but it was flashing 12:00 all the time. The temptation is always to go and buy a new VCR or buy a TiVo, but that doesn't solve the problem that you're not delving into the system and customizing it. It takes a good six months or a year to tune ITSM software to your company. But there are a lot of companies who bought this stuff and it's still flashing 12:00. The software is not optimized. That's where the work comes in. Too many [IT leaders] really expect a turnkey solution.

Parting advice to CIOs on optimizing ITSM software?

Stanger: Pick a framework, adopt it, customize it and then educate to that. That would make rationalizing and categorizing IT processes better than any one piece of software. We need to spend more time educating people on how to customize a framework for their own business.

Then once those tools are in place and tied to a framework, then the next thing you should do is use another whole set of business processes to make the framework more efficient. So, you have, for example, the ITIL framework to rationalize and then you'll use Six Sigma to improve processes. So, you implement a framework and then you find a process to make that framework more efficient.

Related Resources

• A closer look at ITSM and ITIL–SearchCIO.com
• ITIL and ITSM: How IT is becoming more service-oriented–ComputerWeekly.com

Dig Deeper on Enterprise ITIL and ITSM

• How to sustain hard-won ITSM automation gains

• AI in ITSM equals 'service intelligence' -- ITSM's next frontier

• 5 tips to improve ITSM SLAs in IT shops with multiple service providers

• How WPI uses AI in ITSM to improve help desk support

• Digital workers are invading the enterprise -- and that's not a bad thing

• Two-speed IT marries agile and waterfall development approaches

• ITSM problem management: What are your pain points?

• Tweet jam: How new technologies could influence ITSM

• 10 ways to use machine learning and AI in ITSM to improve processes

• IT service catalog

• What are the benefits of ITSM for fast-moving businesses?

• project scope

• AI in ITSM equals 'service intelligence' -- ITSM's next frontier

• What can CIOs expect from ITIL 4? More leadership advice, for one

• How secure-by-design ITSM processes can be a business differentiator

• ITSM governance essential as new tech trends drive business processes

• How WPI uses AI in ITSM to improve help desk support

• ITIL and ITSM best practices for process improvement

• Forging an IT service catalog management plan to drive business goals

• Benefits of ITSM: Use an ITSM portal as gateway to cloud services

• How to sustain hard-won ITSM automation gains

• 5 tips to improve ITSM SLAs in IT shops with multiple service providers

• ITSM in the cloud: Using ITSM best practices to optimize cloud usage

• Texas college CIO pushes into enterprise service management

• Mary K. Pratt asks:

  What ITSM framework does your IT organization use?

• Is your IT ready to compete in the digital age?–Intel
• Six Core Technologies IT Must Deliver for DevOps Success–NetApp
• Delivering the Promise of Hyperconvergence with Intel Optane Technology–Intel

• Key to driving DevOps projects: Build up staff skills..– SearchCIO
• Process improvement methodologies guide for CIOs– SearchCIO
• ITIL guide: Best practices, implementation and ..– SearchITChannel